I. Crop plant, rice 1. Origin and history 2. The ancestor of rice and types of presently cultivated rice (1) Wild rice (2) There types of rice 3. Rice cultivation in the world (1) Rice-growing regions of the world (2) Rice production in the world CROP PLANT, RICE
II. Seed and germination 1. Paddy rice (1) Structure of paddy (2) Stricture of hull i) Hooking of palea and lemma ii) Internal structure of hull iii) Embryo and endosperm (a) Structure of embryo (b) Structure of endosperm 2. Germination (1) Process of germination (2) Water absorption (3) Development of the embryo (4) Digestion of the embryo i) Digestion of the endosperm tissue ii) Digestion of the reserve substance, starch (5) Translocation of nutrients from endosperm to embryo 3. Viability of seed rice (1) The position of grains on the panicle and the speed of germination (2) Specific gravity of unhulled rice and viability (3) Viability of old and new seed rice 4. Morphology of germination and environmental condition (1) Structure of the organs of embryo just beginning to germination i) Vascular system of the embryo ii) Structure of the coleoptile and its growth iii) Mesocotyl iv) Seminal root and coleorhiza (2) Environmental conditions and germination i) Concentration of oxygen ii) Temperature iii) Light iv) Seeding depth v) Growth regulators 5. Morphology of germination and conditions (1) Conditions for favorable germination from morphological viewpoint (2) Significance if seed pretreatment and its effect in germination i) Seed selection and seed soaking ii) Germination forcing III. Growth of seedling and their quality 1. Growth and development of seedling (1) Growing process of seedling i) Standard process of seedling ii) Growth in the case of "young seedling" iii) Comparison of " young seedlings", "middle seedlings" and "mature seedlings" (2) Internal structure 2. Growth of seedlings and environmental conditions (1) Soil moisture-seedlings grown on flooded nursery and those grown on upland nursery (2) Temperature in relation to the raising of seedlings (3) Light (4) Seeding density and bed soil i) The pH of culture medium ii) Fertilizer conditions and the growth of seedlings iii) Growth diagnosis as determined by the form of leaves in "young seedlings" 3. Shape of a good seedling (1) Good and bad seedlings in the case of "young seedlings" (2) Good and bad seedlings in "middle seedlings" and "mature seedlings" IV. Transplanting and rooting 1. Mechanism of root (1) Process of rooting and root development (2) Structure of a rice seedling in the right stage for transplanting (3) Quality of seedlings and rooting 2. Rooting and environmental conditions (1) Rooting and the existing roots of the seedling (2) Rooting and the residual endosperm (3) Rooting and temperature (4) Rooting as influenced by the depth of planting and the depth of water SEEDS AND SEEDLING
V. Leaf 1.Structure of leaves (1) External form of leaves i) Morphology of leaves-difference according to leaf position ii) Shape of the leaf blade (2) Leaf blade i) Epidermis ii) Stomata: Their distribution, structure and function iii) Internal structure of leaf blade (3) Basal position of the leaf blade (lamina joint) with auricles and ligule i) Collar (lamina joint) ii) Auricle iii) Ligule (4) Leaf sheath i) Structure of the surface of the leaf sheath ii) Inside structure of the leaf sheath 2. Primordium differentiation of leaves and their development (1) Differentiation of a leaf and its development (2) Emergence of leaves and their life span i) Regularity in the emergence of leaves ii) Life span of individual leaves 3. Leaf as a photosynthetic organ (1) Mesophll tissue (2) Chloroplasts (3) Vascular bundles and vascular connection to other organs i) Vertically oriented vascular bundles in the rice leaf ii) Transverse vascular bundles 4. Morphogenesis of leaves with respect to different environmental conditions (1) Seedling culture conditions and the growth of leaves (2) Growth of leaves after transplanting for "young seedlings" as compared with "mature seedlings" (3) Light and leaves (4) Fertilization and leaves (5) Diagnosis of nutritive conditions by the morphology of leaves VI. Stem 1. Structure of the stem (1) External form of the stem (2) Nodes and internodes-Structure of the rice culm (3) Internode elongation and its mechanism i) The order of elongation of each internode in the elongated stem part ii) Mechanism of internode elongation 2. Internal structure of the rice node and internode (1) Internode (2) Nodal portion of the rice plant (3) Node and internode-morphogenesis of the culm (4) Connection and course of vascular bundles in the unelongated stem (5) Connection and running of vascular bundles in the portion of elongated stem (6) Connection of the vascular bundles of stem to those of leaf and root (7) Structure of the rice culm in the seedling stage (8) Aerenchyma in the culm 3. Growth of the rice culm with respect to environmental conditions (1) Form of the culm under different environmental conditions i) Culm length ii) Number of nodes iii) Thickness of the culm iv) Uniformity of culms v) Proportion of culm length to panicle length vi) Weight of culm base (2) Culm and the mechanism of lodging VII. Tiller 1. Growth of rice plants and tillering 2. The way by which tillers develop from a rice shoot (1) The arrangement 0f tillers and the indication of marks to designate them (2) Regularity in the arrangement of tillers (3) The number of tillers developed (4) The increased in number of tillers 3. Differentiation and development of tillers (lateral shoot) (1) Primordia of tillers (2) Structure of a tiller (3) Tiller node order and the character of tillers 4. Growth of tillers and the environmental conditions (1) Planting density and tillering (2) Cultivation method and tillering i) Han planting of "mature seedlings" ii) Transplanting of "young seedlings" iii) Transplanting of "middle seedlings" iv) Direct sowing (3) Tillering in direct sowing culture (4) Tillering in upland rice (5) Tillering in transplanted cultures of "young seedlings" (6) Productive and non-productive rice tillers i) Productive tillers ii) Productive and non-productive tillers, and how to distinguish them VIII. Root 1. Development and morphology of roots (1) Classification of the roots of rice i) Seminal roots ii) Mesocotylar roots iii) Crown or adventitious roots (2) Development and morphology of crown roots of the rice plant i) Development of crown roots ii) Morphology of crown roots according to nodal position and "shoot unit" (3) Root system of the rice plant 2. Structure of roots of the rice plant (1) Morphogenesis of roots i) The tip part of the root and the mechanism of its elongation ii) Epidermis of the root and the development of root hairs iii) Internal structure of the seminal root of rice iv) Internal structure of a crown or adventitious root of the rice plant v) Internal structure of a branch root vi) Differentiation and development of branch root of rice (2) Differentiation and development of crown root primordia i) Differentiation of the crown or adventitious root primordia ii) Crown or adventitious root formation in rice seedlings iii) Differentiation of root primordia and rooting in tiller shoots of rice 3. Root development in relation to environmental conditions (1) Oxygen condition of the rhizosphere soil (2) Rice culture methods-transplanting culture and direct sowing culture i) Root spread ii) Number of roots and root weight iii) Number of branch root iv) Nutrient-absorbing ability of the roots v) Rice structure under flooded conditions as compared with water-saving rice culture (3) Judgement of healthy root and diseased roots of the rice plant LEAF, STEM AND ROOT
IX. Panicle-differentiation and development 1. Morphology of the panicle (1) External form of the panicle (2) Internal morphology of the rachis and rachis-branch of the rice plant 2. Differentiation and development of the young rice panicle (1) Panicle differentiation and its development stages-1 (2) Young panicle development stages-2 (3) Young panicle development stages-3 3. Development of flower organs (1) Pollen formation (2) Development of the ovary (3) Formation of the embryo sac 4. Relation between the differentiation and development of the rice panicle and the morphology of the shoot (1) Development stages of the panicle and their determination i) Number of days before heading ii) Leaf emergence iii) Length of the young panicle iv) Leaf number index v) Distance between auricles of the last two leaves of rice 5. Development of the panicle with respect to environmental conditions (1) Degeneration of rachis-branches and glumous flower primordia with the development of the rice panicle (2) Influence of low temperature on panicle development (3) Moisture (4) Fertilizer (5) Factors determining the number of glumous flowers that develop on the rice panicle (6) Prediction of the number of glumous flowers per panicle X. Heading, anthesis and fertilization 1. Heading (1) Heading and its mechanism (2) Heading order within a plant, and within a hill (3) Heading in paddy field as a whole 2. Anthesis (flowering) (1) Anthesis and its mechanism (2) Order of anthesis in rice (3) Anthesis and environmental conditions i) Temperature ii) Light iii) Rain, low atmospheric pressure, etc (4) Dehiscence of pollen by the anther i) Structure of the anther ii) Mechanism of pollen dehiscence by the anther 3. Pollination and fertilization (1) Morphology of the stigma (2) Pollination and germination of pollen i) Pollination ii) Germination of pollen iii) Penetration of the pollen tube into the ovule iv) Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation as influenced by the environmental conditions (3) Fertilization-double fertilization i) Discharge of male nuclei ii) Fertilization of the egg iii) Fertilization of the polar nuclei XI. Ripening 1. Development of brown rice (hulled rice) (1) Development of the external form of the brown ricegrain (caryopsis) (2) Internal development of brown rice (3) Development of the rice embryo (4) Morphogenesis of the endosperm tissue i) Early stage development of the endosperm in the rice grain ii) Multiplication by division of endosperm cells iii) Thickening growth of starch storage cells iv) Differentiation and development of the aleurone layer (5) Development of pericarp and seed coat in the rice grain i) Development of the pericarp ii) Development of the seed coat (6) Development of the husk of the rice grain 2. Accumulation of reserve substance (1) Translocation route of nutrients and organic substances to the rice kernel (2) Accumulation of starch in the rice grains i) Development of starch grains and their accumulation in the endosperm cells ii) Microstructure of starch grain development (3) Development of protein grains in the rice endosperm 3. Ripening and yield (1) Ripening of the rice panicle (2) Rice yield components and ripening i) Yield components ii) How to obtain the four yield components 4. Ripening as influenced by environmental conditions (1) Temperature (2) Nutrition, fertilizer and water (3) Typhoon XII. Quality of rice 1. Brown rice (1) Non-glutinous rice and glutinous rice (2) Paddy rice and upland rice (3) Special rices 2. Polished rice (1) Polishing process and polished rice i) Polishing (milling) ii) Yielding ratio of polishing and the grain shape 3. Grain texture (1) Perfect rice and imperfect rice i) Perfect rice ii) White belly rice kernel iii) White core rice kernel iv) White-backed rice, white-based rice and white-side rice v) Green rice kernel vi) Check rice kernel vii) Notched-belly rice kernel viii) Distorted rice kernel and tapering-tip rice kernel ix) Rusty rice kernel and fermented rice kernel x) Milky-white rice kernel xi) Opaque rice kernel and semi-opaque rice kernel xii) Abortive rice grains xiii) Embryoless rice kernel, double-embryo rice kernel and twin rice kernel (2) Grading standardization of brown rice PANICLE, FLOWER AND GRAI